A Brief Overview of Émile Durkheims Role in Sociology

Who was Émile Durkheim? He was a famous French philosopher and sociologist known as the father of the French school of sociology for his methodology combining empirical research with sociological theory. The following outlines his life and career and his published works. Early Life and Education Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) was born in Épinal, France, on April 15, 1858, to a devout French Jewish family. His father, grandfather, and great-grandfather had all been rabbis, and it was assumed that he would follow their lead when they enrolled him in a rabbinical school. However, at an early age, he decided not to follow in his familys footsteps and switched schools after realizing that he preferred to study religion from an agnostic standpoint as opposed to being indoctrinated. In 1879, his good grades got him into the École Normale Supà ©rieure (ENS), a well-regarded graduate school in Paris. Career and Later Life Durkheim became interested in a scientific approach to society very early on in his career, which meant the first of many conflicts with the French academic system—which had no social science curriculum at the time. Durkheim found humanistic studies uninteresting, turning his attention from psychology and philosophy to ethics and eventually, sociology. He graduated with a degree in philosophy in 1882. Durkheims views could not get him a major academic appointment in Paris, so from 1882 to 1887 he taught philosophy at several provincial schools. In 1885 he left for Germany, where he studied sociology for two years. Durkheims period in Germany resulted in the publication of numerous articles on German social science and philosophy, which gained recognition in France and earned him a teaching appointment at the University of Bordeaux in 1887. This was an important sign of the change of times and the growing importance and recognition of the social sciences. From this position, Du rkheim helped reform the French school system and introduced the study of social science in its curriculum. Also in 1887, Durkheim married Louise Dreyfus, with whom he later had two children. In 1893, Durkheim published his first major work, The Division of Labor in Society, in which he introduced the concept of anomie, or the breakdown of the influence of social norms on individuals within a society. In 1895, he published The Rules of Sociological Method, his second major work, which was a manifesto stating what sociology is and how it ought to be done. In 1897, he published his third major work, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, a case study exploring the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics and arguing that stronger social control among Catholics results in lower suicide rates. By 1902, Durkheim had finally achieved his goal of attaining a prominent position in Paris when he became the chair of education at the Sorbonne. Durkheim also served as an advisor to the Ministry of Education. In 1912, he published his last major work, The Elementary Forms of The Religious Life, a book that analyzes religion as a social phenomenon. Émile Durkheim died of a stroke in Paris on November 15, 1917, and is buried in the citys Montparnasse Cemetery.

Religious And Political Conflicts In Dantes Inferno

The 14th century is marked by various religious and political conflicts. Specifically, Italy experienced major civil discord as emperors, popes, and elite families sought governmental control. It is within these tense times that Dante lived and wrote his poetic masterpiece, Commedia. Although little is known for certain about Dante, scholars believe he was born in 1265 and lived in Florence for the majority of his adult life. While Dante was by no means poor, his family was not wealthy enough to achieve elite status, so he became involved with politics. In 1302, Dante was exiled from Florence for numerous reasons, including political complicity and opposition to the pope, resulting in him traveling throughout various Italian towns until†¦show more content†¦Passing through the Hellgate and the surrounding area, which was an ante-inferno to torment people who were neither good nor evil, Dante and Virgil come upon the Acheron River where the boatman Charon ferries souls int o Hell. Dante uses the Greek figure Charon to represent the 14th century religious belief that St. Peter held the keys to Heaven. When Charon questions Dante and Virgil’s mission into Hell, Virgil tells him that God has willed it, and Charon steps aside and allows Dante and Virgil to enter the boat. Just as Charon acted as chauffer between one world and the next, Christians at this time believed St. Peter held the keys to Heaven and moderated who entered. Dante draws on both of these perspectives when describing the people who were not accepted by either Heaven or Hell because they were neither good nor evil. Just as Charon can refuse neutral souls from entering Hell, St. Peter can prevent lukewarm Christians from entering Heaven. By creating an ante-inferno area where in-between souls experience constant agony and torture, such as being attacked by insects and eaten by worms, Dante encourages people to choose either salvation or sin, but not live heretical lives. The li nking of Charon and St. Peter, especially regarding neutral believers, demonstrates that although there may be some gray areas, like the ante-inferno,Show MoreRelatedPolitical and Religious Ambitions: Dante’s Justification of Punishments in the Inferno1928 Words   |  8 PagesIn The Inferno, Dante descends through the nine circles of Hell, encountering increasingly serious sins, most of which are crimes. The levels of Hell can be interpreted as a gradation of crimes, with penalties in proportion to their relative gravity of sin. While crimes are transgressions against human law, Dante’s Christian orthodox ambitions translate the treatment of these seemingly earthly crimes as sins, transgressions against divine law. For the purposes of this paper, the two terms can beRead More Inferno as a Manifestation of the Pain of Dante Alighieri Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesInferno as a Manifestation of the Pain of Dante Alighieri Dantes Inferno was a great epic poem of the early Renaissance. It was known for its astute commentary on political and religious levels, both deeply woven into the work through allegory. Inferno, written in 1314 by Dante Alighieri, was the first canticle of the Divine Comedy. Dante called it a comedy both because of its happy ending and its style, which lies between that of the tragedy and that of the elegy.(Vossler, 665)Read MoreAnalysis Of Dante Alighieri s Inferno 1556 Words   |  7 PagesThe title of the reading that I chose to do a literary analysis on is Inferno by Dante Alighieri. What was this book about and what message does this particular ancient poem aim to explain? This epic poem was written in the fourteenth century and there were a lot of commentary involved in the story itself. Dante’s Inferno is widely seen as one of the greatest epics to ever grace textbooks. The text itself throughout this story speaks much to the concept of life and death and what the afterlife isRead MoreAnalysis of Dante ´s Divine Comedy845 Words   |  3 Pageswrote all of the elements as religious, psychological, political, and literary allegories. The religious a llegories illustrate Dante’s view about sin and God. The psychological allegories illustrate the internal conflicts within Dante. The political allegories illustrate Dante’s frustration with the government, and how the church is involved in the government. The literary allegories illustrate the structure of Dante’s poem, or they describe Dante as a poet. In the Inferno, Dante separates hell andRead MorePolitical and Religious Motivations in Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedia 3036 Words   |  12 Pagesas a work born from his religious perspective and internal conflict of faith. Many have suggested that he wrote the text to share his perspective of Christianity with the world. However, beyond religious implications, Dante sought just as equally, if not more so, to share his political philosophy and the agony inspired by some of the political occurrences in his life with the world. It is important, then, to consider the following question: to what extent is Dante’s Inferno a politically motivatedRead MoreInside Inferno by Dante Alighieri: A Story within a Story1178 Words   |  5 PagesInferno is only a piece of a much larger story written by Dante Alighieri. The entire story is called the Divine Comedy, which is composed of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Together these three pieces tell the story of Dantes journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise; something that is easily discernible through reading the titles of each part. Dante wrote these poems somewhere around the year 1300. Originally written in what Dante referred to as Latin, there have been many different translationsRead More Comparing the Struggle in Dante’s Inferno and Book VI of The Aeneid4312 Words   |  18 PagesInfernal Struggle in Dante’s Inferno and Book VI of The Aeneid Does hell have its own history? For Dante, the structural and thematic history of ‘hell’ in the Inferno begins with the Roman epic tradition and its champion poet, Virgil. By drawing heavily from the characteristics of hell in Book VI of The Aeneid, Dante carries the epic tradition into the medieval world and affirms his indebtedness to Virgil’s poetry. Moreover, Virgil becomes a central character in the Inferno as he guides DanteRead MoreAnalysis Of Dante s Inferno ( Hell )1956 Words   |  8 PagesLisa Gambrell Armond Boudreaux ENGL 2111 22 November 2015 Dante’s Journey Dante’s Inferno (Hell) is the first book from The Divine Comedy. The literary work is an allegory telling about Dante’s journey through Hell. The inscription on the gates of Hell read, â€Å"ABANDON EVERY HOPE, ALL YOU WHO ENTER† (line 9). The chief punishment of all the inhabitants of the Inferno is no hope. They have no have no hope of salvation, no hope of release, no hope of any improvement, or escape from their punishmentsRead MoreDante s Inferno : The Nine Circles Of Hell1760 Words   |  8 Pages Within the nine circles of hell in Dante’s epic poem, Inferno, each circle represents a sin and houses shades who are undergoing a contrapasso, or a retribution that fits the crime. The poem vividly describes each circle of hell while giving the reader’s insight on Dante’s political and religious views. The nine circles are also separated into three parts: incontinent, represented by the she wolf, violent, represented by the lion, and fraudu lent, represented by the leopard. These are the three beastsRead MoreThe 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues2779 Words   |  12 Pagesreferred to in either a cohesive or codified manner in the Bible itself, and as a result other literary and ecclesiastical works referring to the Seven deadly sins were instead consulted as sources from which definitions might be drawn. Part II of Dantes Divine Comedy, Purgatorio, has almost certainly been the best known source since the Renaissance, though many later interpretations and versions, especially those of the more conservative and Pentecostal Protestant denominations, have instead tended

Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Answer: Introduction The following essay focuses on the critical analysis of the peer reviewed published research paper by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. The name of the paper is Using thematic analysis in psychology Management, published in the journal of Qualitative Research in Psychology, Volume 3, 2006, Issue 2, pp. 77-101, ISSN 1478-0887. It is available online from the website of the University of the West of England, at the URL, https://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/11735. The publishers URL is https://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa. The paper is based on the usage of thematic analysis on the field of psychology, i.e., using thematic approach to analyze the qualitative data and how the method is different from other qualitative approaches for analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of analysis are also outlined in this paper. The critical analysis of the above mentioned research paper includes the description and evaluation of the concepts mentioned in the paper, the appropriateness of the research design, quality of analysis, key findings and concluding remarks on the peer reviewed paper. Critical analysis of conceptualization The authors have addressed a current gap in the field of qualitative psychology, which is the absence of a research paper outlining the theory, application and assessment of thematic approach in the study of psychology. They have also focused on the problem that no such paper on this particular analysis on psychology is accessible to the students and researchers. According to Vaismoradi, Turunen and Bondas (2013), the authors have focused on the gap that is created by the lack of a research paper based on detailed analysis of thematic analysis approach in psychology and also focused on the inaccessible resources for further study. This is an useful observation by the authors that there are no such accessible papers that has dealt with thematic and qualitative approach analysis in psychology. There are papers on quantitative analytical approach on different aspects of psychological studies management but, there is lack of papers on qualitative analysis. Thus, it can be said that the a uthors have mentioned the problem statement clearly. The authors indicated a good grasp of the subject. This can be traced from the way they have described the definitions and features of qualitative analysis and the position of thematic analysis among other types of qualitative analysis. The literature review of various other research papers, done by the authors has shown the knowledge of them on this particular subject. The researchers, i.e. the authors have focused on the gap in the qualitative analytical research in the field of psychology. Hence, it can be said that they have a clear idea about the problem of analytical papers in psychology. Therefore, they have formulated the research questions on the thematic analysis, which is a part of the qualitative approach of analysis. The questions attempt to find out the relevance and significance of thematic analysis in psychological studies and also cover the features, advantages and disadvantages; and the limitations of thematic analysis. The authors also provided various examples in the field of psychology where problems can be solved by using thematic approach of analysis. Thus, it can be said that the questions are generated by the authors from the gaps in the existing literature. The research questions are based on in depth analysis of the qualitative research approach. The authors have mentioned the research questions as a guideline of 6 phase for conducting thematic analysis on various topics in psychology along with potential drawbacks, which should be avoided while conducting thematic analysis, the features of a good thematic analysis and the pros and cons of such analysis. Thus, it can be said that, the authors have clearly mentioned the research questions before proceeding with the detailed methodology. The research questions and objectives are quite unambiguous because, the issues are clearly presented by the authors. The purpose of this paper was to bridge the gap in the analytical study of psychology. There are many quantitative analytical papers that have addressed various issues in the psychological studies, while the authors have observed that, no paper is present that analyses various aspects of psychology in a qualitative manner. Thus, the significance of this paper is that the authors have attempted to find out qualitative approaches based on thematic analysis of psychological events. This is a new way of solving issues in the field of psychology. The students and researchers, who would be pursuing future studies and research on this subject, would be benefitted from this paper, as this might help to open up another ways of looking at things in a different manner. Critical evaluation of appropriateness of design Regarding the appropriateness of the research design, the approach of the authors must be reviewed first. It is found that, the authors did not follow the traditional structure of a research paper. Rather they have addressed the solution to the problem statement by writing theories on that topic. However, the authors have used two concepts, namely data corpus and data set. Data corpus refers to all the data that was collected for a particular research study and data set represents the data within the corpus that is used in a particular research analysis. Along with that, Braun and Clarke also mentioned the ways of selecting the appropriate data set. One way might be choosing the data with all or many individual data. The other way is to identify a data set by a specific analytical interest, and in the corpus, all that specific references becomes the data for the research project. In the thematic approach, these types of data are used (Ando, Cousins and Young 2014). It can be said that qualitative narrative approach was used in answering the research questions. In narrative approach, authors describe the research phenomena in the structure of a story with a beginning, middle body and end remarks. According to Creswell (2012), the narrative approach allows the reader to think about the research topic or subject and analyse it critically by using his own judgments. The authors have described the approaches to use in future studies in detail using various definitions but they did not collect any survey or interview data to analyse it. Thus, they have followed the descriptive structure of analysis. It is a secondary research approach using secondary data. Since, the authors did not collect any primary data through survey or interviews, and have not done any sampling; hence, the aspects of data collection and sampling are not present in this paper. According to Smith (2015), a research study should be supported by both theories and data analysis. Onl y one type of analysis can produce a biased result. Therefore, it is advisable that for any research paper producing unbiased result, the researchers must analyse the literatures as well as collect data and analyse those scientifically to prove the theories. The authors have explained various aspects of thematic analysis through various literatures. This section covered the definition of thematic analysis, how it can be applied in a research study, what are the drawbacks of thematic analysis, how can the analysis be presented in a relevant manner to address the issues, its advantages and disadvantages. The authors have presented the above sections in a detailed way by only using various peer reviewed articles by other authors. However, they did not focus on data analysis. Rather, they focused on analysing the issues based on various definitions and theories. Thus, the choices and procedures for data collection procedures are not described in the above mentioned research paper. The a uthors have also not mentioned about any ethical consideration while conducting a research study. Ethical considerations are one of the most important factors in a research paper. Researchers must follow the guidelines and code of conduct while writing the paper. The authenticity and originality of a paper is very important, and all the researchers must follow that. However, in the abovementioned paper, the authors, Braun and Clarke, did not mention about the ethical considerations that need to be maintained. Critical evaluation of quality of analysis The qualitative or interpretivist data analysis methods were used in the research paper by Braun and Clarke. In other words, the thematic analysis approach was used by the authors. Thematic analysis refers to the method to identify, analyse and report the patterns or themes within the data. Various aspects of the research topic are interpreted through this approach. In the paper, the authors focused on collecting secondary data from various other literatures by other authors. Secondary data refers to the one that is collected from already published and authentic sources, such as, books, journals, magazines, official websites of the government and organizations, etc. (Ezzy 2013). These data are then analysed by using appropriate methods. If the data is numeric and has a pattern or trend, then it is more appropriate to use the quantitative data analysis approach. This helps to analyse and interpret the problem scientifically (Percy, Kostere and Kostere 2015). While, using only interpre tive method entails theoretical analysis of the results. Here, the authors have used only interpretive method of analysis to describe the answers. The analytic procedures of qualitative or thematic approach have been addressed by the authors very clearly. They have cited various articles by various authors to explain the ways to apply thematic analysis in the subject of psychology. The authors have focused on the issues of reliability and validity of thematic analytical approach. Citing a reference from Attride-Stirling, 2001; Boyatzis, 1998; and Tuckett, 2005, the authors have mentioned that no clear agreement has been made for using thematic analysis. It is a relatively poorer concept than other qualitative data analysis method, namely, grounded theory and narrative analysis. Braun and Clarke have also addressed the validity issue by saying that process reporting and detailed analysis often contain insufficient detail. Hence, the reliability and validity is often reduced. This approach is sometimes misinterpreted as themes emerging from the data and not the data corresponding to the theme. The claims made by the authors are quite justified. They have provided a detailed discussion on the disadvantages of the thematic analysis approach of qualitative data analysis. They have also compared this approach with other methods of analysis. It has been helpful in understanding the difference between the approaches and the loopholes of this approach. For example, the authors have cited that, there are many versions of the grounded theory to suit different situations or topics. This is complicated but at the same time, these are useful to analyze and understand everyday real life experience of people in detail for understanding the phenomena in question. Thematic analysis is not as broad as the other approaches. Critical analysis of the findings The authors have made a detailed analysis of the thematic approach of the qualitative data analysis. They have explained in details about the features, advantages and disadvantages of this approach. Using multiple citations from various publications, they have explained various aspects of this analysis. Under different headings, the authors have explained the basic concepts of this analysis and how it can be implemented to analyse different aspects of psychology. Going through these headings and the corresponding paragraphs, it can be clearly understood what the authors have tried to convey. They have started with the definition of thematic analysis, followed by explanation of 6 phase guidelines, various data types, the benefits and disadvantages of it. All the explanations are vividly illustrated by the authors along with relevant citations from various other authors publications. For example, they have stated thematic analysis as foundational method for the qualitative analysis, wh ich are complex, diverse and nuanced and supported this statement from the literature of Holloway and Todres, 2003. At the same time, they argued that thematic analysis should be considered as an analytical method in its own right, which is contradictory to Ryan and Bernards (2000) theory that stated that thematic coding was a method, which should be performed within major traditions of analytics. Along with that, the authors have provided a detailed discussion on the benefits and disadvantages of this approach. However, the paper is completely based on theoretical analysis of thematic approach on psychology. It did not do any proper research by collecting data on a particular topic and analysing it. A standard research paper should contain five major chapters namely, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Data Analysis and Discussion, and lastly Conclusion. The paper by Braun and Clarke did not follow this structure. They have mainly followed the structure of an essay and described various nuances of thematic analysis. The authors have set the problem statement or research questions as a broad topic, such as, the gap in the field of research in psychology in regards to the application of thematic analysis. They also wanted to present a paper on this topic, which would be accessible and useful to the students, researchers as well as to the teachers. A thorough review of the paper helps to understand the concept of thematic analysis and its application in the research study in psycholo gy. The research questions or problem statement as mentioned in the beginning of the paper, were addressed by the author in the paper. All the topics, such as, the concept, 6 phase guidelines, pitfalls to avoid during research, the factors for making a good analysis, advantages and disadvantages of the thematic approach, have been explained clearly in the paper, which relate to all the problem statement. Hence, the problem statements were addressed by the findings. However, the authors only followed qualitative approach to get the findings and did not support it by collecting and analysing real life data. Conclusion In the critical analysis of the paper Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke, various aspects of the topic have been evaluated and explained. The review paper contains an overview of the paper, critical analysis of research concept, appropriateness of the research design, quality of analysis, findings and lastly, the concluding remarks. The critical evaluation addressed that the authors have clearly defined the purpose of the research and the research topic. They have been specific about the problem in the research field of psychology. Hence, they have written their paper with qualitative analysis in mind. Braun and Clarke have given detailed focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the thematic analysis in psychology and the things that this analysis offers to the psychologists. Thematic analysis is an interpretivist method of analyzing. Hence, the interpretation varies from one person to the other and therefore, the findings may differ in th is approach. Since, qualitative analysis does not deal with scientific analysis of data; hence, the authors did not collect primary data. They collected secondary data from multiple publications of several authors and based their analysis on application of thematic approach in the field of psychology. It can be concluded that, this is a good and useful paper by Braun and Clarke, which has a detailed insight of thematic analysis and its application in qualitative analysis of various topics of psychology. References Ando, H., Cousins, R. and Young, C., 2014. Achieving saturation in thematic analysis: Development and refinement of a codebook 1, 2, 3.Comprehensive Psychology,3, pp.03-CP. Attride-Stirling, J., 2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research Management, 1(3), 385-405. Creswell, J.W., 2012. Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (4th Ed). Boston: Pearson. Ezzy, D., 2013.Qualitative analysis. Routledge. Percy, W.H., Kostere, K. and Kostere, S., 2015. Generic qualitative research in psychology.The Qualitative Report,20(2), p.76. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Tuckett, A. G., 2005. Applying thematic analysis theory to practice: A researcher's experience. Contemporary Nurse, 19(1-2), 75-87. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H. and Bondas, T., 2013. Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study.Nursing health sciences,15(3), pp.398-405.

Romeo And Juliet Essays (823 words) - Romeo And Juliet,

Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, is a story of two young lovers, whose love was destined for destruction. They did not imagine that their love would lead to the tragedies that it did. These two young people did nothing wrong except fall in love. Three aspects of their destruction included the feud between the two families, the nurse and her betrayal of Juliet and the most important aspect of all is fate. The feud between the two families was one factor that contributed to the love of Romeo and Juliet being destined for destruction. "From ancient grudge break to new mutiny". (Romeo & Juliet, Prologue, pg.2 l.3) The two families, Montagues and Capulets, had many problems. There was hate between the two families so much so that even the servants hated each other. This feud would have caused many problems for Romeo and Juliet: These two young lovers knew this and this is why they kept their marriage a secret. If their parents discovered their secret, they would have made their children's lives miserable. Romeo and Juliet would not have been able to see each other. Both of these families were very stubborn and there was hardly any thing that would have made them become friends. In the prologue we learn that the only way the "strife" could be ended was by the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. "Doth with their death bury their parent's strife". (Romeo Neither the Montagues or the Capulets would have accepted the marriage. Keeping the marriage a secret caused Romeo and Juliet to turn to other people for help. Sometimes these people gave them the wrong advice or just betrayed them. The Nurse was one of these characters who betrayed the young couple. The Nurse who was also Juliet's friend turned against her at a very crucial time. The Nurse told Juliet that it would be best if she married Paris. "I think it best you married with the county". (Romeo This betrayal by the Nurse left Juliet alone. She was a wise young woman but it still would have been beneficial for her to have the help of the Nurse. Juliet was left on her own to make some very important decisions. I believe that if the Nurse had been around to help Juliet things may have turned out differently. Juliet had no one to turn to and ask for help. She could not have gone to her parents because they would not have understood. The Nurse was supposed to be one of Juliet's best friends. Now when it was important for Juliet to have someone there, for her she was betrayed. When considering the destruction of Romeo and Juliet the most sifnificant fact you must think about is fate. Fate, above all, destroyed Romeo and Juliet. Many instances in the play reveals that the love of Romeo and Juliet would end in death. "A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life". (Romeo & Juliet,pg.2, Prologue, l.6) From the very beginning it is evident that they were destined by the stars to bad fortune. Some people may think that there is no way to control fate or change what is in the stars. It could be that the love of Romeo and Juliet was destined for death so that their parent's feud would be over. Also, in the prologue it states that the dreadful course of their love was destined for death. "The fearful passage of their death marked love". (Romeo Both of these quotes show us that the love of these two was destined to end tragically. The masquerade party was above all the most important aspect of fate. The fact that Romeo was wearing a mask and his face was hidden allowed juliet to fall in love with him before she saw who it was. If Juliet had known who Romeo was she would probably have not fallen in love with him. Fate could not have been changed whatever was meant to be would happen and no one could change that. In conclusion, from the very beginning, the love of Romeo and Juliet was destined to be

National Plain English Conference Essays

National Plain English Conference Essays National Plain English Conference Essay National Plain English Conference Essay Essay Topic: 9th Grade Dear Fellow Employees, After attending the National Plain English Conference in Washington, D.C. it came to my attention that some of the information obtained with regards to J.C. Penny’s could be highly useful within our own corporation.   There is no doubt that after reviewing J.C. Penny’s consumer information guide that J.C. Penny’s has had tremendous and great success.   The technique of using simpler and more easily read English by J.C. Penny’s has allowed them to reach markets with customers and internet consumers.   The main focus that J.C. Penny’s has had is to identify and answer questions by consumers utilizing some of the following techniques:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A step-by-step approach that allows employees the benefit and assumption that consumers are not use to making decisions systematically and that they need guidance and attention.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organizing information to make it easy to find by using illustrations, charts, and paragraphs.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Writing for a target audience of an 8th or 9th grade educational level.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They realized that booklets can be an effective form of communication.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The booklets can be printed and distributed inexpensively and have shown a great response. The greater question is what they use and put into their booklets that allows them such a high success rate.   In order to generate and keep the interest of the public the following questions are asked in order to ensure the accuracy and usefulness and importance to the consumer:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are the steps of the decision making process clear and concise throughout the booklet?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are they logically organized?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do the pages entice and invite the reader by using clear headlines, short paragraphs, charts, and meaningful illustrations?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is the plain English being used showing efforts and progress with the customers? I then questioned why they chose booklets.   Other options such as banners and signs that are posted in â€Å"proper† areas could be construed as having the same effectiveness.   So, why choose booklets?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consumers are familiar with booklets and pamphlets and will readily accept them.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Booklets are relatively inexpensive to develop and distribute.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Booklets can easily adapt to a wide array of topics and merchandise.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They can be added in a variety of ways to retail settings and catalogs. The booklets (guides) seem to have high emphasis on the step-by-step approach.   This approach appears to pay off in the long run for the following reasons:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consumer groups and educators purchase and use the guides in their programs, giving credence to the guide’s objectivity.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There has been overwhelmingly positive input from focus group sessions and consumer comments. In conclusion, I wish you all the best of luck in utilizing the information and techniques from J.C. Penny’s use of simple English.   Please remember your use of it does not have to be in the context of a booklet but can be used in any and all daily business documents and correspondence. Best Wishes, Anjanee S. Balkissoon

Top 5 Mistakes to Avoid with Personal Pronouns

Top 5 Mistakes to Avoid with Personal Pronouns Top 5 Mistakes to Avoid with Personal Pronouns Top 5 Mistakes to Avoid with Personal Pronouns By Maeve Maddox Among the oldest words in English are the personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. Two of the personal pronouns, you and it, have only one form that is used as either subject or object: See that goat? It bit me. (It is the subject of the verb bit.) I hear a bee. Do you see it? (It is the object of the verb see.) There’s a poisonous spider. Step on it! (It is the object of the preposition on) You agree with Charlie on everything. (You is the subject of the verb agree) That car just missed you. (You is the object of the verb missed.) This information must remain between you and me. (You is the object of the preposition between.) Five of the personal pronouns have two forms each: a subject form (I, he, she, we, they) and an object form (me, him, her, us, them). The most common errors occur when subject and object forms are reversed. Two additional errors that seem to be increasing are 1.) replacing a personal pronoun with a pronoun ending in -self and 2.) using a personal pronoun in a context that calls for a possessive adjective. Mistake #1: Object form used in place of subject form Incorrect: In the next several weeks, my colleagues and me will be discussing the appropriate way to do that. (Jay Inslee, Congressional Record) Correct : In the next several weeks, my colleagues and I will be discussing the appropriate way to do that. The subject forms I, he, she, we, and they are used as the subject of a verb. Here are models of correct usage: We went to New Orleans for Mardi Gras. (subject of the verb went) The children and I had a lovely time. (subject of the verb had) My colleagues and I will be discussing the plan. (subject of the verb will be discussing) Mistake #2: Subject form used in place of object form following a preposition Incorrect: She made each child feel special by taking pictures and spending quality one on one time with they and the dog. (A testimonial written by a person who has an M.A. degree) Correct : She made children feel special by taking pictures and spending quality one on one time with them and the dog. When the object of a preposition is a pronoun, the object form is required. Reminder: Prepositions include such words as with, to, in, on, under, and between. Here are two examples of correct usage: The butterfly alighted on her. (object of the preposition on) She gave the horse to Jack and me. (object of the preposition to) In the sample sentence, a social worker made children feel special by spending time â€Å"with them.† Misake #3 Subject form used in place of object form following a transitive verb Incorrect: Rodgers then followed she and her daughter out of the grocery store. (New York Daily News) Correct : Rodgers then followed her and her daughter out of the grocery store. When the direct object of a transitive verb is a pronoun, the object form is required. Here is an example of correct usage: The supervisor commended him for his contribution. (direct object of the verb commended.) The transitive verb followed requires the object form her. Mistake #4 Subject form used in place of the corresponding possessive adjective Incorrect: Susan announces she and her husband’s plans to divorce in front of Atticus’s family. (Downtown Abbey site) Correct : Susan announces her and her husband’s plans to divorce in front of Atticus’s family. Note: The personal pronouns have corresponding possessive forms. The possessive adjective forms are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. They stand in front of the noun that is â€Å"possessed.† For example: Jack is his friend. (possessive adjective that corresponds to personal pronouns he and him) Sally is her friend. (possessive adjective that corresponds to personal pronouns she and her) She is a subject form and cannot be used as a possessive adjective. Susan announces plans for the impending divorce. They are â€Å"her husband’s plans.† They are â€Å"her plans† as well. Mistake #5 Reflexive pronoun used in place of personal pronoun Incorrect: Both  my wife and myself felt  so much happier after watching this movie. Correct : Both  my wife and I felt  so much happier after watching this movie. Pronouns that end in -self or -selves are called â€Å"reflexive pronouns† or â€Å"emphatic pronouns.† Here are examples of their correct use: The boy cut himself with the hedge clippers. (reflexive pronoun) The mayor herself delivered my newspaper today. (emphatic pronoun) There may be occasions when the emphatic form is wanted for a rhetorical flourish, but in ordinary speech, replacing a personal pronoun with one ending in -self or -selves is nonstandard usage to be avoided. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Common Mistakes category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101For Sale vs. On SaleForming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Beethoven Interpretations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Beethoven Interpretations - Research Paper Example Beethoven was showing signs of romanticism in his middle period. Beethoven left the sonata form but the freedom he gave each movement is typically Romantic. The Piano Sonata N ° 27 is a beautiful piece of music which has been interpreted in many different ways. The Sonata has three movements: adagio sostenuto, allegretto and presto. It can take anywhere from 12 minutes to 15 minutes to perform depending on the interpretation. Beethoven composed it in 1801. He personally put the title as Quasia una fantasia or almost a fantasy. This means that it can be played as the artist sees fit. In listening to the difference of performance, it can be said that Beethoven's title is more accurate than Moonlight Sonata. A fantasy gives more freedom to perform the music as the performer wants. The name "Moonlight Sonata" was given as a publishing trick. Some say it was given after Beethoven's death. Others say Beethoven gave it as a tribute to his student, Guicciardi. Beethoven had fallen in love with her, a countess. He knew he could never marry someone of that social class. It is unlike him to have been so open as to name a sonata after someone who was paying the bills. This sonata was composed in his middle period. He was not composing romantic music. The title was misplaced (5). His music was steadily leaving the classical form (Waltz). In this Sonata, you see a difference between each performer, which is contrasting. Beethoven would have been heavy in his interpretation. He was already affected by his deafness. The loud pounding of the keys in the last movement enabled Beethoven to hear the vibrations. I listened to many different interpretations in order to get the right feeling for the Sonata. In my research, I saw that the Moonlight Sonata was one of his most famous sonatas. I was surprised at seeing that it could be played so differently by such artist. I chose two artists to explain the three movements (the whole Sonata) in order to have a comprehensive feeling of the dynamics and tempo: Bareboim and Gould. Their interpretation is so different. Then I chose two other artists in order to compare their first movement: Horowitz and Brendel in addition to Bareboim and Gould. I think my favorite of them all was Gould because I felt he was the closest to how Beethoven would have liked the Sonata to be played. In terms of the first movement, I felt it was a classic to hear Horowitz. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpOb5NxtG-w   Baremboim played the first movement with emotion and slowly. He was sad or pensive. His expression was sad. The dynamics were softly played piano. There was, too, much of a difference with the two hands. The bass continued to have the same level of sound during the whole movement and the treble would have crescendos and be too loud. He used a little bit of the rubatto effect. The timing of the first movement was 6.55. Only towards the end did the two hands converse with each other. The end was slow. There was too much confli ct between the three note motif and the left hand. His left hand dominated the right only one time during the movement. Towards the end of the movement, he increased in volume and there was a slight crescendo of the left hand which tapered off in the final measure. His bass and treble were blended and not articulate. The Allegretto of the 2nd movement was still slow. It was happy.